Moon Zero Two: An Overlooked Prophecy?

This 1969 Hammer Films production was an immediate flop because it was overtaken by space reality, then became bait for MST3K and finally, in light of current events, seems to be recovering relevancy just as NASA once again focuses on lunar travel.

Why a flop?  Moon Zero Two was rushed into production by Hammer head Michael Carreras just as the Apollo Program was unfurling across the Atlantic in the USA.  Carreras also wrote the filmscript, based on a story by Martin Davison, Frank Hardman, and aviation thriller author Gavin Lyall.  It is based on a 2020s theme, space mining, at a time when such ideas were being bandied about, but when we knew so comparatively little about the moon and asteroids than we do nowadays.  Unfortunately for Hammer, it was beaten to the punch by NASA and appeared shortly after Neil Armstrong and crew stunned the world by actually landing on the moon's surface.  Even the director, Roy Ward Baker, whose credits include the cult sci fi masterpiece Quatermass and the Pit, bemoaned the unfortunate timing of its release, as he acknowledged many other complaints about the movie.  The eponymous spacecraft, dubbed a moon ferry, was a virtual copy of the Apollo lunar landing vehicle, though employed in the film as a combination junk collector (rather like the brief American NBCTV series Quark) and asteroid retriever.  With unbearably uncomfortable costumes (the near-nude shower scene must have been a relief for the actors), sets that appeared to be tacked together out of styrofoam and cardboard, and a lead actor (James Olsen) who bore too much of a resemblance to real astronauts, rather than Flash Gordon, it is no wonder that critics generally described this film as a disaster.

Nevertheless, if we suppress the desire to chuckle along with Joel and the Bots at its shortcomings (admittedly the fake landing in Capricorn One was much more convincing than the tech in Moon Zero Two), we discover that the story line seems to be playing out with uncanny similarity to today's scenarios.  What we hear from space entrepreneurs like Elon Musk and Robert Bigelow eerily resembles the schemes of astro-villain J. J. Hubbard (played by decorated character actor Warren Mitchell, the British original of Archie Bunker).  Hubbard wants to capture a mineral-rich asteroid and land it on the moon, almost precisely mirroring what NASA is proposing to do in coming decades.  This is brought into sharp focus by the fact that NASA's DART mission did indeed succeed in altering the orbit of a small asteroid, Dimorphos, around its larger partner Didymos through a directed impact.

Now, DART is not involved directly in space mining.  Its stated purpose is to prepare for the possibility of saving life on Earth if it is threatened by future collision with a larger object, such as the meteor that created the Chicxulub crater and caused the Cretaceous extinction event.  Still, NASA discussions in the past have included mention of commercial space mining that would involve moving an asteroid into low lunar orbit or landing.  Hubbard in Moon Zero Two was pursuing an asteroid composed essentially of sapphire.  Somewhat like NASA, he explains his interest in the jewels as utilitarian rather than purely lucrative, in order to manufacture superior rocket engines to colonize neighboring worlds.  On the contrary, the film's hero, Olsen's Bill Kemp, cuts right to the heart of the matter when he reminds heroine Clementine Taplin (Catherine Schell) in the finale that her father's mining claim, where the asteroid and Hubbard crashed, is now worth an untold fortune.  

Economics is what brought the Apollo program to an end decades ago.  It is also what brought Elon Musk's enterprises, in the form of multiple-use launch vehicles, to revive the agency's renewed interest in the moon and beyond.  Not to forget the fact that China and other powers have also entered the competition.  Make no  mistake that the Scramble for the Moon, a parallel to the nineteenth-century Scramble for Africa, is already motivating many geopolitical and geo-economic decisions on Earth, including the interest in US, West European, and East Asian nations in keeping rivals Russia and China tied down with endless conflicts in neighboring areas.  Anyone who has witnessed the tides at sea knows that Luna can exert a very distant effect on the conditions that lie at our very feet.

Moon Zero Two ends with a combined punishment and hurrah for the glories of capitalism.  Taplin will be a trillionaire, Kemp will see the inside of her bedroom, and the ubiquitous Space Corporation (which was just about to yank Kemp's license to fly, before he did away with Hubbard and gang) will get to plant colonies (colonias?) on Mercury and Jupiter's moons.  Can we expect such mixed results in the wake of DART's success?  New private space ventures are springing up in places such as Japan and India to add to the previous players.  We must continue to monitor progress below and above our atmosphere to find out.  The renewed relevance of Moon Zero Two may redirect our attention to other space mining ventures in films like Total Recall, Outland, Alien, and Avatar, especially as the latter is about to spawn its first, and perhaps not only, sequel.  As another classic ended by saying, "Watch the skies, keep watching the skies."

 

Space: the Fermi Paradox or Why Aren't We Getting More Christmas Cards?

     Surely most science fiction devotees have been stumped at some time by Enrico Fermi's famous skeptical question about the possibility of intelligent life outside our atmospheric cocoon.  In a conversation about the topic with Edwin Teller and two other physicists, Fermi is said to have brought speculation to a halt by speculation by interjecting, "But where is everybody?"  

     Indeed, it is clear that efforts to detect signs of extraterrestrial intelligence by such means as radio telescopes and scans by space probes have revealed no contacts.  Numerous people have already remarked that this silence may be due to our own patterns of communication.  After all, some of the earliest electromagnetic transmissions from Earth to include video centered on speeches by one Adolf Hitler -- not a very encouraging beginning for anyone out there monitoring us.  In addition to this stumbling opening, I was drawn recently to another factor during a discussion with family members.

     "Why aren't we getting Christmas cards any more?" moaned one relative.  "There are hardly any in the mailbox these days."  Christmas cards, after all, are relatively simple phatic communications for the most part, despite the recent tendency to turn them into yearly reports.  They are a rough equivalent of "Here we are, we come in peace."  Pessimists (including those espousing Robin Hanson's Great Filter scenario) would say that our kinsmen may be a lot more numerous than extraterrestrial civilizations and therefore we should not expect greetings in our electronic mailboxes.  Optimists might counter that research in exoplanets has boosted the predictions by people such as Carl Sagan and his colleagues who hypothesize the possible existence of millions of civilizations spread across the universe.  

     We suggest perhaps a tighter focus on the nature of communication itself, a closer look at these cosmic Christmas cards.  To answer my relatives, I would point out that they are getting fewer cards because that is an eclipsed form of communication.  Fewer an fewer of those missives can really be called Christmas cards, since only a small minority contain any reference to the religious significance of the holiday.  A card with a cute cardinal or polar bear may not spark an interest in the receiver.  There is even a fear on the part of some people to send Christmas cards because they might be considered offensive by any number of social groups.  Economics weighs in, as postal prices have steadily increased.  However, perhaps the biggest factor is that print (and even more so handwritten script) is essentially a "hot medium," to use Marshall McLuhan's terminology, one that requires deeper mental work than many are willing to give.  It is no accident that an increasing fraction of Christmas cards are not really cards at all, but a photograph that is designed to elicit an immediate emotional reaction rather than any processes of thought.  Unfortunately, the days of the Christmas card may be numbered.

    Could the same be true of our current forms of electromagnetic communication?   If interplanetary civilizations necessarily develop faster-than-light transportation, would they not also need a faster-than-light form of communication.  Long-range railroads quickly needed the telegraph.  They couldn't have operated practically with only visual semaphore as a way to stay in touch.  This necessity would be even more crucial in space.  

      How could spacefarers deal with this problem?  We know as little about this question as we know how to get to our sibling planets in a rapid way.  Science fiction has not neglected the issue.  The 1956 movie It Conquered the World features Lee Van Cleef as a scientist who manages to communicate instantaneously with Venus without even changing the use of radio very much.  Many sci fi stories revolve around the employ of some kind of "sub-space" transmissions that conveniently cross the limits of the speed of light.  Perhaps advanced civilizations have long ago left behind our relatively slow forms of communication, just as we have abandoned semaphore signals and, more recently, telegraph wires.  

     Not only that, but what if there are civilizations out there that expect us to do so?  In the StarTrek universe, the Vulcans do not bother to try to communicate with humans until Ephraim Cochran develops a warp drive.  Wouldn't it be even more practical to make the criterion of contact translight communication?  It would be more sensible to avoid a physical presence in first contact, which could lead to all sorts of problems avoided by a more rapid and perhaps more precise form of messaging.  

     Let's push the prospects one step further.  For a truly advanced civilization, why not do away with instramentality and go straight to thought?  Could aliens already be sending out messages directly to our thought systems?  Of course, we would have to be able to recognize these emissions in order to respond, but that would presume sufficient cerebral development to deal with the finer points of interplanetary messaging.  As early as 1951, John D. McDonald's novel Wine of the Dreamers posits a situation where an alien race unwittingly begins to communicate with humans telepathically while dreaming.  Unfortunately, this circumstance leads to terrible results, since neither the senders nor the receivers realize what is going on.  

      Physical science, science fiction and language sciences require more interplay with each other before these sorts of problems can be more completely understood.  It will mean a much deeper dialogue than currently used by the government as they exploit military sci fi writers to suggest future terror weapons.  Human culture delights, on the contrary, in pitting the thinkers in different nations and situations against each other, rather than coordinating their work.  The solution to this fragmentation lies in courageous action by the thinkers themselves, as Professor Barnhardt undertakes in The Day the Earth Stood Still.  It may not prove easy, but we cannot hope to achieve communication with extraterrestrials until we do a better job of communicating among ourselves.

John D. MacDonald's novel Wine of the Dreamers

 Mission to Mars

Just a couple of remarks after viewing this 2000 movie, which I believe came out while I was recovering from a heart problem.

It is a pretty engaging techno-thriller, well-paced and competent in its editing.  Director Brian De Palma was skillful in using his cast, playing off  Gary Sinise's  rather wooden, soldierly tendencies against the emotionalism of his younger counterpart Jerry O'Connell and the always-reliable Don Cheadle, who provides depth of representation as the marooned survivor of the first unfortunate mission.  Tim Robbins provided more relief as a master of expression beyond the script, especially in the scenes where he sacrifices himself to save the other members of the rescue mission after the explosion of their spaceship.  

These comments hold true for most of the film, up until its rather disastrously incongruous ending.  Just at the moment when the discovery of an extraterrestrial civilization should provide a jolt of eerie drama, Sinise goes nearly catatonic and a Disneyesque music swells up that could have been out of Bambi.  Perhaps De Palma was powerless to exclude these out-of-place franchise elements from his movie -- I am hopeful that this was the case, because it was a colossal let-down in what was otherwise a creditable, if less than brilliant, example of cinema.  Or perhaps it was just bound to happen in a movie intended to promote an amusement park attraction and rake in secondary revenue.  At any rate, it sadly detracts from what could have been a high moment for sci fi and for De Palma.   

Mysteries: Wars and Rumors of War

    Our second Forlani Saga novel, Spy Station, is essentially a mystery set on a background of possible interplanetary war.  It owes much to the greater history of mystery novels and films that unfolded in recent centuries.  

     Lately, readers and thinkers have been placed in a puzzling situation where mystery plots may offer a pathway to achieving some measure of epistemological understanding.  I refer to the multiple events produced by the conflict in the Ukraine.

     I became aware of this while enjoying the classic Charlie Chan novel by Earl Derr Biggers entitled The Black Camel.  As in many similar novels, Chan faces a bewildering profusion of possible suspects and motives for the murder of a movie star in Honolulu.  He and his police colleagues remark again and again that the problem is not a paucity of information, but rather an overwhelming barrage of information that is always partial and distorted by self-interest from the sources, who are all simultaneously agents in the drama surrounding the murder.

    This scenario is comparable to what we readers face in trying to make sense of the reports coming out of the mess in Ukraine.  Blocking of news sources and echo effect from those still available have amplified the difficulty of making sense of all the "clues" or explanations that are offered by various still-functioning media sources.  Evaluating the "news" (which is often, in reality, just a form of speculation or puff) places us in the position of a fictional detective trying to unfold the details of a mystery plot.  

    Just as in The Black Camel, accounts of events in Ukraine are distorted by self-interest in most circumstances, resulting in a plethora of counter-accusations and baffling inconsistencies.  Red herring revelations abound, while key points of information are occulted.  False lines of inquiry abound.  It is the task of us to try to sift the true from what is seemingly true, patently false, or the product of illusion or misinterpretation.  

    I have found that the only way to solve this enigma is to follow the Chan method and consult a wide variety of sources of information in order to construct a picture not only of events themselves, but of the human heart that produces the often horrific and deadly results of conflict.  This line of inquiry involves the widest possible array of source information.

    Standard news sources, I have discovered, are not good witnesses.  They are few and their modalities are defective.  Almost all American newspaper or broadcast sources rely on three main sources for their information: CNN, AP, and Reuters.  These wire services tend to create an echo effect by repeating and "re-evaluating" what the others have said, rather than adding pertinent facts.  Their own reports often rely on writers who are not on the scene of events and who are often unable to master the intricacies of the Ukrainian and Russian languages, leaving them reliant on press releases by governments that form the discourse based on their own self-interest.  It is like dealing with the accounts of Chan's murder suspects, who are primarily driven to find alibis for their own actions and to incriminate others.  

    I have found that consulting various other sources: Radio France Internationale, Deutsche Welle, Al Jazeera and Japanese NHK, for example, allows me to get a more satisfactory understanding of what is going on.  Of course, all the above-mentioned sources are state information agencies that are not without their own prejudicial priorities and agendas.  However, like Charlie Chan, we can balance one testimony against another and ferret out inconsistencies that often reveal interesting explanations.  For instance, Deutsche Welle has a vested interest in a German government that is hook, line, and sinker devoted to a uniquely Ukrainian perspective on events. Nevertheless, their reports often reveal economic details (they are German above all!) of how German arms firms have a vested interest in deepening the Ukrainian conflict because they stand to gain billions of euros by providing Ukraine with tanks, anti-aircraft systems, and other war materials.  These sorts of details have been totally lacking in reports from CNN, AP, and Reuters that make a point of hiding the involvement of American and British arms manufacturers in promoting a proxy war.  Similarly, Al Jazeera (who woudda thunk it?) provides much better insight on how oil and gas manipulations are deeply involved in the outcomes of Ukraine, undoubtedly because their operations take place in a part of the world where energy is king.  

     Of course, there will always be gaps and holes in our ability to access reliable information.  Unlike a Biggers murder mystery, which is constructed to produce in the end a coherent explanation, international politics does not promise to tie up all the loose ends.  Quite the contrary!  We know that relevant facts will be hidden for years.  My own fascination with certain aspects of military history in World War II has shown me that it is almost impossible to reconstruct even the most outstanding elements of campaigns where the identities of whole units were classified as top secret for decades and human witnesses have now passed beyond this Earth. The creation of "embedded journalism" during our Middle Eastern Wars has not clarified this type of confusion, but may actually have deepened it, as reporters scrambled to ingratiate themselves to their hosts and superiors.  We know much less about matters now than we did in the more open media coverage of Vietnam.  

    Like Charlie Chan, we are forced to admit that the black camel of Death has come to kneel in the Ukraine and that many hideous things cannot be undone.  Yet there is still hope that the details of the violence will eventually come to light as a result of diligent information-gathering.  Only by nourishing hope in the discovery of further data that could almost magically unlock the mystery and cause elements to fall into place could Honolulu's legendary sleuth look forward to solving his case.  We modern history "detectives" must nourish this same hope, remain observant, avoid too hasty conclusions, and use all our senses to reconstruct the facts, if we are to reach an adequate understanding of the vast murder mysteries of our era.

New Publication

Check out our latest short story

Auntie Brit

in the June issue of the ezine Aphelion

http://www.aphelion-webzine.com/shorts/2022/06/AuntieBrit.html 

FREE Thursday 6/16/22 The time for sacrifice was over, but the struggle against devastation was just beginning... acclaimed 5 star ebook for YOU. Click here: https://www.amazon.com/dp/B075R3V1RH 

 

Time To Move On

    This world has been too much with us lately, as almost everyone seems to have been behaving badly and disgust has weighed heavily on most of us.  Nevertheless, we have to break free eventually from the all-too-predictable patterns and occupy ourselves with a bit of forward-looking thinking.  Other than financially-centered space tourism for the very rich, most projects appear to be stalled and both science and fiction struggle to make progress in a fragmented world.  So it is with gladness that I read of China's plans to complete their orbital space station with their next taikonaut mission.  As the (less and less) International Space Station, from which the Chinese have been systematically excluded, spins toward a likely re-entry around 2025, their project assumes more and more importance for those interested in the future of space.  It will be most interesting to see how the station develops -- whether it will lead to cooperation with other nations or stay an essentially nationalistic endeavor.  That may partly depend on events on this side of the Pacific, as the relationship between America's NASA and the newly-formed military Space Corps, as well as corporate ventures, becomes clearer.  Surely the war in Ukraine will have some effects on the course of exploration, as well.  Already, the international movement of such key materials as titanium, cobalt, and rare earths has become more dicey.  Eventually, this may come to affect rocket engine supply.  As the spate of politically-imposed trade and banking sanctions expands, some projects face likely delays.  Some of the players, such as the European Space Agency, are already feeling the results of the international tensions, since sanctions have eliminated the role of Russia in missions launching from Kourou, French Guyane.  All the money being directed to a massive rearmament in Europe, coupled with economic deterioration in the wake of what promises to be a protracted state of war or near-war in Ukraine and other areas, is bound to siphon off funds that could otherwise be pointed toward scientific exploration.  As cyber warfare heats up between East and West, this situation may grow more acute.  Will there be a Zephram Cochrane out there somewhere who may push us forward despite our petty savagery?   It will be interesting to see how the future unfolds, for there is bound to be an unfolding, for better or for worse.

Kohn-ba-wa!

Sorry, but we're not very good at writing with kanji.  But we wanted to say hello to those new viewers in Japan who have been dropping by lately.  Please feel free to leave some comments on sci fi events in Japan, where I know there are many, many fans with very sophisticated ideas.  Welcome! 

Wake Up, Washington 

     The New Year has already given America a great deal of impatience with the deadlocked government that seems so concerned with in-fighting that it has forgotten even terrestrial matters, but for those of us concerned with space, the situation is -- if anything -- worse.  The last administration made a colossal error in creating a Space Force that splits attention away from NASA and threatens to focus exclusively on military exploitation of the solar system.  The actual management of exploration and scientific research seems to be falling by default to other nations (ESA, Japan, India, China) or to corporations who will steer all efforts to producing profits exclusively for themselves (Bigelow, Boeing, the Musk complex or the Bezos complex).  The latter won't even pay any taxes back to the Treasury, but will drain it at every opportunity and demand bailouts the second any venture turns bad.  That's right, Washington, double down on your bad decisions!  

     Of course, this negative feedback loop may well continue because the one place some of that money may go is into the back pockets of politicians in the form of campaign contributions.  Certainly, American politics has developed into an endless, unregulated campaign for office that distracts "lawmakers" from their assigned task.  They wind up spending more than 70% of their time sucking up to money sources instead of taking care of the public's business.  That makes them perfectly content to treat the planets and stars as a mere commodity, rather than a goal for the human heart and mind.  

     The questions that preoccupy those of us who are interested in the rest of the universe are fobbed off as trivialities.  It reminds me of an old tv show called "Carter Country," where the chubby political boss would toss aside any matters brought to his attention to some inept lackey and say, "Handle it, handle it."  

     Well, Washington, maybe it's time some of us should respond, "No, YOU handle it!   That's what you're being paid for. So along with galloping inflation, pestilence, random migrations, pollution, misdistribution of wealth, homelessness, rampant violence,  and a few other trivialities, DO LOOK UP for once!"  Put NASA back in charge, stop worrying about uniforms for space commanders, set some clear goals hammered out by people who know the science, try to play well with the other children in the park, and take the final frontier seriously for a change."  And I'm speaking about both sides of the Aisle of Indifference.  There are many of us out here (and maybe out there) who are watching and as Klaatu says at the end of The Day the Earth Stood Still, "We will be waiting for your answer."

If Aliens Watch Us, What Do They See?

     Star Trek: First Contact was always one of my favorite films in the series.  Who can resist its clever play on the time scale, with part of the bridge crew visiting the past, Lily Sloane thrust into an unimaginable technological wonderland, and inquisitive Vulcans ushering Zefram Cochrane's Earthlings into a stellar future?  And all the while the ruthless Borg tinker with all dimensions of time in their fanatical quest for assimilation.  Yet I cannot prevent myself from pondering, each time I revisit this movie, whether Gene Roddenberry's probing visions are completely in sync with the possibilities that could present themselves in an interspecies encounter between our race and space-faring extraterrestrials.

     With each viewing, I appreciate more and more the way the character of Lily Sloane provides a necessary focus to this temporal relativism.  She is such a genial Everyperson, emotionally shaken by the endless expanses of space, the mind-boggling science that has constructed the Enterprise, and the shock of finding herself face-to-face with a Klingon or a hive of malicious cyborgs, but adaptable and confident enough to plunge into these realities with an admirable sang froid.  It is through her that the spectator makes contact. She is a perfect lens to the brave new world -- more so than Cochrane himself, who experiences considerable difficulty dealing with a projected other self personified by the worshipful Georgi Laforge.

     What troubles my imagination most is not, however, the reactions of the humans, but rather those of the alien Borg and Vulcans.  Taking into account the entirety of the Star Trek timeline, the Borg had been aware of Earth and its inhabitants for a rather long time.  Nonetheless, their determination to conquer our planet and assimilate humans seems to come with brutal suddenness.  Admittedly, their hive mind would not be likely to waste time debating how to treat us.  Their blitzkrieg approach to interplanetary contact had already been established in TNG.  They had acquired near-total understanding of Earthlings through Locutus, and even though their cube that had shattered thirty-nine Federation ships in the Battle of Wolf 359, the attack in First Contact again involved only a single, albeit modified, ship.  Had they developed some deep-seated hubris that made them underestimate Starfleet despite their ability to destroy the initial assault?  Had they assumed Picard would have forgotten all the secrets he accessed as Locutus?  Their tactics seem more and more questionable, no matter how clear their motivation and goals.  

     If the mindset of the Borg begs some questions, that of the Vulcans seems even less plausible in many respects.  The key point that bothers me is: why did they chose to land at Cochrane's base so quickly?  The explanation offered for their landing attempts to satisfy the demands of verisimilitude.  A small Vulcan vessel on some routine business had been drawn to Earth by the warp signature of Cochrane's  rocket and the unprecedented nature of that technology had compelled them to  come have a look.  On examination, though, this thesis starts to unravel.  (Let us first set aside the question of whether the Vulcans had noticed the actions of the Enterprise and the Borg Sphere prior to Cochrane's launch.) It must be assumed that the Vulcans knew that there had been no previous warp signature in Earth space and how could they have that assumption without previous knowledge of Earthlings and their history?  After all, Vulcans have an insatiable thirst for knowledge and logic.  Nor were they distant strangers to our solar system.  Had they missed the fact that Earth had just experienced a major cataclysm caused by its own violent inhabitants?  Was it not dangerous to physically land on a planet potentially crawling with other hostile organisms besides human beings?  

     The Star Trek canon itself, especially from TNG on, provides ample evidence that the Federation took the Prime Directive quite seriously, to the point where its scientific expeditions established safe and completely secret measures to monitor the development of pre-space-faring cultures.  Even on present-day Earth, we are learning to establish distance in some contact situations, as shown by the reluctance for relief missions from Australia and New Zealand to expose the Covid-free inhabitants of Tonga from unwanted contamination.  The "just drop in" attitude does not square with the dispassionate, respectful behavior of most Vulcans.

       So we should pause before imagining that alien visitors would simply barge into our ecosystem.  Both visitors and prospective hosts would potentially have much to lose through precipitive action.  The visitation protocols might be much more like that of a Native American or a Viking emissary, who would wait before the door to be noticed and acknowledged before entering into another's space.  Even on our own world, there are significant cultural differences in the procedures involving private space.  We should not, therefore, picture  little green men (or any other culture) marching up and demanding "Take us to your leader."  Especially so, if they have been standing off and analyzing the transmissions we started sending out in the twentieth century, including the televized speeches of a friendly fellows like Adolf Hitler.